Direct 4D printing of functionally graded hydrogel networks for biodegradable, untethered, and multimorphic soft robotsopen access
- Authors
- 조수영; Ho, Dong Hae; Jo, Sae Byeok; Cho, Jeong Ho
- Issue Date
- Apr-2024
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Citation
- International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing, v.6, no.2
- Journal Title
- International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing
- Volume
- 6
- Number
- 2
- URI
- https://yscholarhub.yonsei.ac.kr/handle/2021.sw.yonsei/22596
- DOI
- 10.1088/2631-7990/ad1574
- ISSN
- 2631-7990
- Abstract
- <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>
<jats:p>Recent advances in functionally graded additive manufacturing (FGAM) technology have enabled the seamless hybridization of multiple functionalities in a single structure. Soft robotics can become one of the largest beneficiaries of these advances, through the design of a facile four-dimensional (4D) FGAM process that can grant an intelligent stimuli-responsive mechanical functionality to the printed objects. Herein, we present a simple binder jetting approach for the 4D printing of functionally graded porous multi-materials (FGMM) by introducing rationally designed graded multiphase feeder beds. Compositionally graded cross-linking agents gradually form stable porous network structures within aqueous polymer particles, enabling programmable hygroscopic deformation without complex mechanical designs. Furthermore, a systematic bed design incorporating additional functional agents enables a multi-stimuli-responsive and untethered soft robot with stark stimulus selectivity. The biodegradability of the proposed 4D-printed soft robot further ensures the sustainability of our approach, with immediate degradation rates of 96.6% within 72 h. The proposed 4D printing concept for FGMMs can create new opportunities for intelligent and sustainable additive manufacturing in soft robotics.</jats:p>
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